The requirements of HVAC and plumbing piping systems can be very different from the process industry. HVAC systems use piping to convey fluids for the transfer of energy between different areas of a building. Plumbing piping brings in freshwater while removing the waste from a building. This energy transfer and water movement must all happen efficiently and quietly without disturbing the people living and working in a building. It can be quite a challenge for the system designers.

The heat transfer fluid (usually water) and freshwater are pumped throughout the building. Pumps vibrate and create noise as they move water. Pumps are also located in a central mechanical room. Architects are notorious for locating these rooms in the worst possible place in a building, usually adjacent to the office of someone important. Even if the equipment room is in a remote location, noise and vibration may be transmitted through the pipes and annoy a V.I.P. in a completely different area of the building. These problems can be most infuriating to HVAC/Plumbing consulting engineers because, by the time they show up, the building is nearly finished and may even be occupied. Changes at this point in a project are generally expensive and result in very unhappy owners. The key to effectively minimizing pump noise and vibration is to properly isolate the equipment in the design stage of a project, as is shown in Image 1.

Noise and vibration alone is not necessarily a problem. There must be three elements present to make it a problem – a source (the pump or other rotating equipment), a path (the piping or structure) and a receiver (the building occupants). Take away any of the three elements, and the problem cannot exist.

There are two paths for vibration transmission from a pump – through the building structure and through the piping. This article will focus on noise and vibration transmitted through the attached piping. Typically, engineers will specify springs or rubber pads to isolate the pumps from the building structure. For piping, there are several choices. A specifier may choose a hose-and-braid assembly. Other options available are rubber or Polytetrafluoroethylene, (PTFE), connectors. Which option is best for vibration isolation through the piping? HVAC and plumbing systems normally operate at relatively low pressures and temperatures, which make them perfect candidates for elastomeric connectors. Stainless hose and braid and elastomeric connectors are all commonly seen in equipment rooms. Let’s look at how elastomeric connectors compare with stainless hose and braid for vibration isolation.

Image 2. Hose and Braid Connector

Hose and Braid

Hose and braid connectors consist of stainless steel or bronze corrugated hose with stainless or bronze braid, (Image 2.) These connectors can have various end fi ttings (flange/weld/ threaded/grooved or a combination) and can handle higher temperatures and pressures. Hose and braid connectors do not subject the mating pipe ends to hydrostatic end loads. Stainless/ bronze connectors are intended to be a life-of-system product, meaning that no periodic inspection or maintenance is required. These connectors are designed for lateral movement only and cannot handle axial movement unless they are combined into a loop assembly. Also, manufacturers require minimum lengths for effective vibration isolation.

Image 3. Typical PTFE connector

PTFE Couplings

PTFE couplings are occasionally used for vibration isolation (Image 3). PTFE is a fluoropolymer capable of higher temperatures and pressures and can be used with many corrosive fluids that would be unsuitable for metal or other elastomers. These connectors are flanged, with integral control rods to limit the movement.

Elastomeric Couplings

Elastomeric couplings are usually flanged, with either spool or spherical-type bodies (Images 4 through 6). Several types of elastomer compounds are available, with neoprene and EPDM the most common material for HVAC/plumbing systems. Standard construction consists of three main layers; the tube, reinforcing plies, and cover. Spool-type bodies have full-face flanges with internal wire reinforcement or specially-designed reinforcing flanges. Spherical joints have a bead seal and are constructed without additional reinforcement. Control rods are usually installed with this type of connector, and the mating flanges can be subject to considerable pressure thrust loads. Elastomeric couplings are generally not life-of-building products and must be periodically inspected and replaced.

Image 4 . Typical Rubber Pipe Coupling

Noise Characterization in Building Piping Systems

HVAC and plumbing noise may originate from the large components (chillers, boilers, cooling towers, pumps, air handlers) or any of the smaller components (fans, valves, terminal units, diffusers/grilles). The test results presented will strictly focus on the water moving systems and associated piping. There are no standard piping configurations, so the results will reflect a somewhat arbitrary piping arrangement.

Equipment produces sound and vibration in a wide range of frequencies. Examples may include large air handling systems producing low-frequency rumbles (16 to 125 Hz), through fan and pump noise at the middle frequencies (63 to 1000 Hz). Moving air-generated noise can go up to 8000 Hz and be perceived as a whistle or hiss. The frequencies of most concern in piping systems are in the middle frequencies from 63 Hz to around 1000 Hz. See Table 1.

Image 5. Typical Spherical Coupling

Pumps are rarely the source of airborne noise problems; however, structure-borne noise problems can be severe. This is usually the result of inadequate isolation of the pump or the attached piping. The noise can be heard as a strong tone at the impeller blade passage frequency and may be minimized by specifying the impeller diameter to be no greater than 85% of the cutwater radius.

Acceptable noise levels depend on the room usage. Theaters and recital halls will have stricter noise requirements than offices or gymnasiums. Engineers will typically select terminal equipment based on performance and noise characteristics for each type of room. The selection criteria may be based on ASHRAE standard dBA, dBC, RC (room criteria) or NC (noise criteria) equipment performance.

Image 6. Typical Wide Arch Coupling

Comparison of Expansion Joint Performance

Transmitted noise and vibration will be affected by several variables including the characteristics of the connected equipment, the number, type and location of pipe supports, the pipe material, pressure and pipe geometry. It is important to consider the entire pipe assembly as a system, with changes in any one component affecting the noise and vibration characteristics of the entire pipe run.

Laboratory and field testing has revealed several useful results that may be applied to most installations. Here is a summary of the test results that FSA member companies have conducted over several years:

Table 1. Frequency of different types of Equipment.

How is noise and vibration transmitted? Is it through the pipe wall or through the fluid medium?

The answer is both, but more through the pipe wall depending on the equipment. Chillers and boilers tend to transmit greater vibration through the pipe walls, while pumps may transmit more through the fluid. Vibration is transmitted through the pipe wall as a bending wave, and through the fluid medium as a pressure wave. All types of flexible couplings provide isolation by decreasing the pipe wall stiffness. The elastomeric connectors further decrease fluid-transmitted vibration by absorbing the pressure variations. Rubber walls can expand circumferentially to accommodate these disturbances; metal connector walls cannot. Be aware that there will be temperature and pressure combinations that only metal connectors can accommodate.

Which works better for noise and vibration reduction, metal or rubber?

Rubber, but…

Although this result may seem evident, there are applications that still require metal connectors and it is important to quantify the vibration reduction difference between the two materials. Also, there are several types of rubber, so is there an elastomer that performs better than the others?

The answer to this question is no, all elastomers and polymer tested (EPDM/Neoprene/PTFE) have similar vibration isolating characteristics for water-filled pipe. All did markedly better than hose and braid isolators when tested in a 30-foot pipe assembly with two bends, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Results of vibration testing on a 30-foot pipe assembly with fi ve different connectors. The insertion loss represents the amount of vibration reduction from the source to the receiver, in this case at opposite ends of the pipe run with the connector in the center.

How much does the pipe layout affect noise and vibration?

A lot. And it would be impossible to model or test all the possible assemblies; however, there are results that may be generalized:

• Flange Effects – flanges and other heavy components like valves and rigid supports reflect pipe wall vibration and form standing waves. They essentially act as nodes in the piping system, making it possible to roughly predict the resonant frequencies of the pipe assembly.
• Pipe Support Effects – pipe supports will not affect vibration transmission unless they are very stiff, which would
  essentially make them part of the building structure. Testing showed that the stiffness must be at least 2000 lb./in.

Clevis hangers typically are about this value, spring hangers are significantly lower and have almost no effect on vibration transmission to the structure.

• Pipe Bend Effects – pipe elbows transform pipe wall bending waves into torsional waves, and vice-versa. Tests have shown that flexible connectors perform well in bending wave reduction, but not as well in torsional vibration isolation. Locating any type of connector immediately downstream from an elbow may not be effective in reducing vibration if the waves are torsional.
• Pressure Effects – increasing the pressure of the fluid medium has a small effect, generally increasing the vibration isolation characteristics of the connector. The effects were negligible over 50 psi.
• Control Rod Effects – a common concern raised by specifying engineers is that the control rods can “short circuit” the vibration isolation of the rubber joint. Tests have shown that the control rods have almost no effect on the vibration isolation characteristics of the connector. Since the flanges act as nodes in the system, vibration within the connector is reduced by reflection through the connector wall. The rubber face/steel flange interface is critical here, and the opposite occurs – the connector is actually short-circuiting the control rods!

Vibration testing has demonstrated that elastomers are a superior vibration isolating material when compared to stainless hose and braid. The flexibility of elastomeric connectors in both axial and circumferential directions allows them to absorb both pipe wall and fluid-borne vibration. What may not have been obvious is that the type of elastomer and connector design does not have a considerable influence on the vibration reduction. PTFE performed nearly as well as the other rubber types. Specific vibration characteristics will vary for each building because these are heavily dependent the piping layout. There are also component effects that may be important to isolating system noise.

Author: Marty Rogin
Marty Rogin, PE, is the engineering manager at Metraflex. His 35 years in the field has taken him from the edge of space down to the bedrock of our infrastructure systems, and several places between. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in 27 states and holds a M.S. in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin and B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Colorado.